What Does Nicotine Do in the Body? A Comprehensive Analysis

Nicotine, a substance often associated with pleasure, relaxation, and social interaction, has various effects on our body. But what exactly does nicotine do in the body? What processes does it trigger, and how does nicotine affect us at the cellular level? What long-term health issues can arise, and what should be known about quitting smoking? We aim to answer these questions for you.

Nicotine: A Brief Introduction

Nicotine is an addictive compound naturally found in the tobacco plant. It is traditionally consumed by smoking cigarettes or cigars, chewing tobacco, or inhaling through e-cigarettes (vaping). Consumers report feelings of relaxation and improved concentration. This can lead to psychological dependence, as the desired effect is repeatedly sought.

The Effects of Nicotine on the Brain

Nicotine binds to specific receptors in the brain and stimulates the release of neurotransmitters like dopamine. This dopamine is responsible for the sensation of reward and well-being in the brain. With repeated exposure, the brain requires increasing amounts of nicotine to achieve the same positive feeling. Long-term nicotine use leads to the development of a tolerance, resulting in more frequent tobacco use. This process reinforces nicotine addiction, leading to stronger cravings and a growing dependency.

Nicotine consumption also influences other neurochemical processes: the release of norepinephrine and serotonin, associated with increased alertness, improved mood, and relaxation, further contributes to nicotine dependence.

Nicotine and the Body: Physical Effects

So, “What does nicotine do in the body?” Physical reactions include:

• Increased heart rate and blood pressure
• Higher oxygen demand
• Narrowing of blood vessels, leading to reduced blood flow
• Constriction of the airways

Regular nicotine intake also affects the metabolic system. The body’s basal metabolic rate increases, and many users experience suppressed appetite. While the resulting weight loss may be welcome to some, it can be problematic, especially when paired with an unhealthy diet.

Long-Term Effects of Nicotine Use

Long-term nicotine use can lead to serious health problems. There is a direct link between nicotine consumption and serious diseases such as lung cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and respiratory illnesses. Since nicotine is typically consumed alongside other harmful chemicals found in tobacco products, the risk is further increased. When smoking, nicotine enters the bloodstream through the lungs, where it exerts its harmful effects. The combustion process during smoking produces numerous toxic substances that cause health damage throughout the body. With prolonged use, the risk grows that the body may no longer effectively filter and eliminate these toxins. Whether and when nicotine-related diseases occur depends on factors such as genetic predisposition, frequency of use, and general physical condition.

Nicotine Addiction and Withdrawal

Nicotine addiction is a complex condition, and withdrawal presents significant challenges for many users. When quitting, both physical and psychological withdrawal symptoms can arise.

Physical withdrawal symptoms may include:

• Headaches
• Excessive sweating
• Dizziness

These symptoms typically last only a few days and may not occur at all. The psychological withdrawal symptoms, however, are usually more problematic, including:

• Nervousness
• Restlessness
• Sleep disturbances
• Strong urges to consume nicotine products again

These symptoms can persist over a long period and, at worst, lead to a relapse.

Various approaches and methods have proven effective for smoking cessation, including:

Nicotine replacement products: Using nicotine patches, gum, nasal sprays, and inhalers can alleviate physical withdrawal symptoms in the first days and reduce cravings.

Psychological support: Behavioral therapy allows nicotine-dependent individuals to receive professional support for smoking cessation. This approach can address unhealthy behavior patterns and foster the development of new, healthy habits.

Acupuncture: An acupuncture treatment may ease withdrawal symptoms and support smoking cessation. This traditional Chinese medicine method stimulates meridians that influence the body’s energy flow.

Support groups: Interacting with others who are also quitting smoking can be very helpful. Mutual motivation creates a sense of commitment that can be supportive.

Breathing techniques: Breathing exercises can help manage cravings and reduce stress.

Benefits of Quitting Smoking

Quitting smoking is one of the best decisions you can make for your health. The body begins to recover in a short time. According to the German Cancer Research Center (dkfz.), the following positive changes begin after quitting smoking:

• After 20 minutes, pulse and blood pressure return to normal levels. Improved blood circulation warms hands and feet.
• After 8 hours, carbon monoxide levels in the blood decrease, and oxygen levels increase.
• After just 24 hours, the risk of a heart attack starts to decline.
• After 48 hours, nerve endings start to regenerate, leading to an improved sense of taste and smell.
• After 3 days, the airways begin to recover, and oxygen intake increases.
• After 2 to 3 months, lung function and cardiovascular stability improve.
• Within 1 to 9 months, less coughing, reduced shortness of breath, a clear nose, and improved airway cleaning due to cilia lead to normalized lung function.
• One year after quitting, the risk of coronary heart disease is half that of smokers.
• After 5 years, the risk of stroke matches that of non-smokers.
• After 10 years, the risk of lung cancer is halved.
• After 15 years, the risk of a heart attack matches that of a non-smoker.